[toc]

python虚拟环境

1.pyenv

pyenv github地址

1.1 pyenv简介

说明

pyenv是一个简单的python版本管理工具，可以在多个python版本之间进行切换

1.2 安装pyenv

pyenv-installer 是一个用于安装pyenv的工具

1.2.1 通过脚本安装

说明

通过执行 curl https://pyenv.run | bash 安装的是最新版的pyenv，如果想要安装指定版本，可以设置环境变量，例如 export PYENV_GIT_TAG=v2.2.5

curl https://pyenv.run | bash

上边的调用相当于如下

curl -L https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv-installer/raw/master/bin/pyenv-installer | bash

安装完成后会在 $HOME 生成 .pyenv 目录

$ ls -a .pyenv
.   .agignore  CHANGELOG.md  completions  CONTRIBUTING.md  .dockerignore  .git     .gitignore  LICENSE         Makefile  plugins  README.md  terminal_output.png  .vimrc
..  bin        COMMANDS.md   CONDUCT.md   Dockerfile       .editorconfig  .github  libexec     MAINTENANCE.md  man       pyenv.d  src        test

完整输出如下

 % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100   270  100   270    0     0     85      0  0:00:03  0:00:03 --:--:--    85
Cloning into '/root/.pyenv'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 1259, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (1259/1259), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (696/696), done.
remote: Total 1259 (delta 743), reused 714 (delta 430), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (1259/1259), 623.93 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (743/743), done.
Cloning into '/root/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-doctor'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 11, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (11/11), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 11 (delta 1), reused 5 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (11/11), done.
Cloning into '/root/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-update'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 10, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
remote: Total 10 (delta 1), reused 5 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (10/10), done.
Cloning into '/root/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 64, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (64/64), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (56/56), done.
remote: Total 64 (delta 10), reused 30 (delta 1), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (64/64), done.

WARNING: seems you still have not added 'pyenv' to the load path.

# Load pyenv automatically by appending
# the following to 
# ~/.bash_profile if it exists, otherwise ~/.profile (for login shells)
# and ~/.bashrc (for interactive shells) :

export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"
[[ -d $PYENV_ROOT/bin ]] && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"
eval "$(pyenv init -)"

# Restart your shell for the changes to take effect.

# Load pyenv-virtualenv automatically by adding
# the following to ~/.bashrc:

eval "$(pyenv virtualenv-init -)"

1.2.2 通过git安装

git clone https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv.git ~/.pyenv

1.3 配置pyenv环境变量

官方文档

将如下内容添加到相应的环境变量文件中

bash

echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'command -v pyenv >/dev/null || export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.bashrc

zsh

echo 'export PYENV_ROOT="$HOME/.pyenv"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo '[[ -d $PYENV_ROOT/bin ]] && export PATH="$PYENV_ROOT/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.zshrc
echo 'eval "$(pyenv init -)"' >> ~/.zshrc

使配置生效

exec "$SHELL"

测试安装是否正确，返回如下即表明正确

$ pyenv versions
* system (set by /root/.pyenv/version)

1.4 通过pyenv管理多版本python

pyenv命令官方文档

pyenv命令语法

Usage: pyenv <command> [<args>]

1.4.1 安装指定的python版本

查看可安装的python版本列表

pyenv install --list

安装指定版本的python

说明

在安装新版本python之前需要先安装python构建依赖项

yum -y install gcc make patch zlib-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel readline-devel sqlite sqlite-devel openssl-devel tk-devel libffi-devel xz-devel

$ pyenv install 3.12.3
Downloading Python-3.12.3.tar.xz...
-> https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.12.3/Python-3.12.3.tar.xz
Installing Python-3.12.3...
Installed Python-3.12.3 to /root/.pyenv/versions/3.12.3

1.4.2 切换python版本

通过执行 pyenv global 进行切换

$ pyenv global 3.12.3
$ python
Python 3.12.3 (main, Jun 26 2024, 17:25:44) [GCC 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

切换后刷新shims

pyenv rehash

切换回系统版本

pyenv global system

1.4.3 查看安装的python版本

查看安装的所有python版本

$ pyenv versions
* system (set by /root/.pyenv/version)
  3.11.6
  3.12.3

查看当前使用的python版本

$ pyenv version
3.12.3 (set by /Users/pptfz/.pyenv/version)

2.virtualenv

virtualenv github

2.1 virtualenv简介

说明

virtualenv 是创建隔离python环境的工具，通过虚拟目录的方式来实现多环境的并存

2.2 virtualenv原理

说明

virtualenv通过在系统中创建工作目录，该目录类似安装系统的python目录，保留完整的python环境，解释器，标准库和第三方库等，当需要时，切换环境变量激活即可使用

2.3 安装virtualenv

virtualenv的安装方式有很多，具体可以查看官方安装文档 ，这里选择其中一种安装方式

安装python-pip和python-devel程序包

yum -y install python-pip python-devel

安装virtualenv

pip install virtualenv

查看版本

$ virtualenv --version
virtualenv 20.26.3 from /usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/virtualenv/__init__.py

2.4 通过virtualenv管理多python版本

说明

virtualenv 不是通过多版本管理的方式来实现系统同时兼容多python环境的，而是通过其在工作目录中虚拟完整的python环境来实现python多环境并存的

2.4.1 virtualenv命令用法说明

virtualenv命令语法

virtualenv [options] dest_dir

选项说明

选项	说明
--version	显示当前版本号
-h，--help	显示帮助信息
-v，--verbose	显示详细信息
-q，--quiet	不显示详细信息
-p PYTHON_EXE，--python=PYTHON_EXE	指定所用的python解析器的版本，比如 --python=python2.5就是使用python2.5版本的解析器创建新的隔离环境，默认使用的是当前系统安装的python解析器(/usr/bin/python)
--clear	清空非root用户的安装，并从头开始创建隔离环境
--no-site-packages	令隔离环境不能访问系统全局的 site-packages 目录
--system-site-packages	令隔离环境可以访问系统全局的 site-packages 目录
--unzip-setuptools	安装时解压 setuptools 或 distribute
--relocatable	重定位某个已存在的隔离环境，使用该选项将修正脚本，并令所有 .pth文件使用相应路径
--distribute	使用 distribute 代替 setuptools ，也可以设置环境变量 VIRTUALENV_DISTRIBUTE 达到同样效果
--extra-search-dir=SEARCH_DIRS	用于查找 setuptools/distribute/pip 发布包的目录，可以添加任意数量的 -extra-search-dir 路径
--never-dowload	禁止从网上下载任何数据，此时，如果在本地搜索发布包失败，virtualenv 就会报错
--prompt==PROMPT	定义隔离环境的命令行前缀

2.4.2 virtualenv创建python虚拟环境

说明

virtualenv创建python虚拟环境需要提前安装好python3

创建python虚拟工作目录，这里指定使用python3.12.3

$ virtualenv -p /usr/local/python3.12.3/bin/python3.12 /opt/venv1
created virtual environment CPython3.12.3.final.0-64 in 150ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/opt/venv1, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==24.1
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator

加载虚拟环境

$ source /opt/venv1/bin/activate
(venv1) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# python
Python 3.12.3 (main, Jun 27 2024, 11:17:01) [GCC 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

查看当前python环境安装的包

$ pip3 list
Package Version
------- -------
pip     24.1
(venv1) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# 

退出虚拟环境

(venv1) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# deactivate 
[root@localhost.localdomain ~]# 

3.virtualenvwrapper

3.1 virtualenvwrapper简介

virtualenvwrapper github

virtualenvwrapper官方文档

说明

鉴于 virtualenv 不便于对虚拟环境集中管理，所以推荐直接使用 virtualenvwrapper，virtualenvwrapper 提供了一系列命令使得和虚拟环境工作变得便利，它把你所有的虚拟环境都放在一个地方

virtualenvwrapper整体工作过程

说明

1.安装 virtualenvwrapper

2.在 ~/.bashrc 文件中指定 virtualenvwrapper 存放虚拟环境总目录，指定virtualenvwrapper.sh 存放位置(find或which查找)

3.mkvirtualenv 命令创建python虚拟环境，-p 选项指定不同python版本命令路径

4.workon 命令切换不同python虚拟环境

3.2 virtualenvwrapper配置过程

3.2.1 安装virtualenvwrapper

注意

在安装 virtualenvwrapper 之前，需要确保 virtualenv 已安装

在安装 virtualenvwrapper 的时候，需要使用所安装的python路径下的pip

例如我这里把python3安装在了 /usr/local/python36

/usr/local/python36/bin/pip3 install virtualenvwrapper

3.2.2 编辑环境变量

说明

需要查找一下 virtualenvwrapper.sh 所在位置，一般在 /usr/bin 下或者 /usr/local/bin

find / -name "virtualenvwrapper.sh"

或者

which virtualenvwrapper.sh

向 ~/.bashrc 中写入以下内容

echo "export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "source $(which virtualenvwrapper.sh)" >> ~/.bashrc

参数说明

参数	说明
export WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs	virtualenvwrapper 存放虚拟环境目录，这里自定义在 $HOME/.virtualenvs
source /usr/local/bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh	virtrualenvwrapper 会安装到python的bin目录下，所以该路径是python安装目录下 bin/virtualenvwrapper.sh ，本文python安装在了 /usr/local/python36

使配置生效

$ source .bashrc 
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/premkproject
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postmkproject
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/initialize
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/premkvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postmkvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/prermvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postrmvirtualenv
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/get_env_details

3.2.3 创建虚拟环境

说明

通过 mkvirtualenv 命令创建虚拟环境，不加 -p 参数是默认使用系统环境的python，-p 参数用于指定不同版本的python命令路径

因为指定了 WORKON_HOME=$HOME/.virtualenvs 所以创建的python虚拟环境都会在这个目录下

$ mkvirtualenv venv1
created virtual environment CPython3.9.18.final.0-64 in 266ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/root/.virtualenvs/venv1, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==24.1, setuptools==70.1.0, wheel==0.43.0
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/venv1/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/venv1/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/venv1/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/venv1/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/venv1/bin/get_env_details
(venv1) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# 

查看创建的虚拟环境，venv1就是刚刚创建的虚拟环境

$ ls -a .virtualenvs/
.   get_env_details  postactivate    postmkproject     postrmvirtualenv  predeactivate  premkvirtualenv  venv1
..  initialize       postdeactivate  postmkvirtualenv  preactivate       premkproject   prermvirtualenv

3.2.4 切换虚拟环境

说明

如果系统中存在多个版本的python，则在使用 mkvirtualenv 命令创建虚拟环境的时候，可以使用 -p 参数指定不同的python版本

系统中安装了python3.12.3和python3.11.9，安装目录分别为 /usr/local/python3.12.3 、/usr/local/python3.11.9

创建第一个虚拟环境，指定python版本为3.11.9

$ mkvirtualenv -p /usr/local/python3.11.9/bin/python3.11 py3.11
created virtual environment CPython3.11.9.final.0-64 in 208ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/root/.virtualenvs/py3.11, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==24.1, setuptools==70.1.0, wheel==0.43.0
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.11/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.11/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.11/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.11/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.11/bin/get_env_details
(py3.11) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# 

创建第二个虚拟环境，指定python版本为3.12.3

$ mkvirtualenv -p /usr/local/python3.12.3/bin/python3.12 py3.12
created virtual environment CPython3.12.3.final.0-64 in 107ms
  creator CPython3Posix(dest=/root/.virtualenvs/py3.12, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=/root/.local/share/virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==24.1
  activators BashActivator,CShellActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.12/bin/predeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.12/bin/postdeactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.12/bin/preactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.12/bin/postactivate
virtualenvwrapper.user_scripts creating /root/.virtualenvs/py3.12/bin/get_env_details
(py3.12) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# 

切换虚拟环境

说明

执行 workon 命令切换虚拟环境

切换到python3.11

$ workon py3.11
(py3.11) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# python
Python 3.11.9 (main, Jun 27 2024, 19:39:48) [GCC 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

切换到python3.12

$ workon py3.12
(py3.12) [root@localhost.localdomain ~]# python
Python 3.12.3 (main, Jun 27 2024, 19:34:57) [GCC 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

3.2.5 其他操作

查看当前创建的虚拟环境

$ workon 
py3.11
py3.12
venv1

退出虚拟环境

说明

执行命令 deactivate 退出虚拟环境

$ deactivate 
[root@localhost.localdomain ~]# python
Python 3.9.18 (main, Jan 24 2024, 00:00:00) 
[GCC 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3)] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> 

删除虚拟环境

说明

执行命令 rmvirtualenv 可以删除虚拟环境

$ rmvirtualenv env1
Removing env1...
Did not find environment /root/.virtualenvs/env1 to remove.